The following guidelines for APA-style references come from Chapters 6 and 7 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Where applicable, the manual sections are included in brackets.
In academia, a periodical is a resource like a journal that contains several articles by numerous authors. Each volume or issue is published regularly, typically by an organization comprised of experts in a field who review and edit the work before publication. [7.01]
Author, A. A. (Publication Date). Full title of the article: Including subtitle. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), first page-last page. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxx
Trevors, G. J., Muis, K. R., Pekrun, R., Sinatra, G. M., & Winnie, P. H. (2016). Identify and epistemic emoticons during knowledge revision: A potential account for the backfire effect. Discourse Processes, 53(5-6), 339-370. doi: 10.1080/0163853X.2015.1136507
Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330.
Kluger, J. & Sweetland Edwards, H. (2017, September 25). The angels of Irma. TIME, 190(12), 28-35.
Kaplan, S. (2018, February 26). Drugs to lull opioid urges given nod by FDA. The New York Times, p. A10.
Beyond traditional texts like reference, course, or discipline-specific books, use the following guidelines when referencing a chapter from a book like an edited book, a collection of article-length works by different authors in one text. [7.02]
Author, A. A. (Publication Year). Full title of the book: Including subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Anonymous. (2007). The book with no name. London, England: Michael O’Mara Books.
Alcoholics Anonymous big book: Including personal stories for the year 2008 (Special ed.). (2007). Lincoln, England: Anybook.
Haverbeke, M. (2015). Eloquent Javascript: A modern introduction to programming. San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press.
Juba, S., Vannahme, A., & Volkov, A. (2015). Learning PostgreSQL. Birmingham, England: Packt.
Jackson, P., Wang, C., Michaels, T., Kim, P., Childress, C., Andrews, A., . . . Weston, S. (2018). A day in the life: Living in Canada’s northern territories. Madison, WI: State Street Books.
Szymura, B., & Nęcka, E. (2005). Three superfactors of personality and three aspects of attention. In A. Eliasz, S. Hampson, & B. de Raad (Eds.), Advances in personality psychology (pp. 75-90). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Eliasz, A., Hampson, S. E., & de Raad, B. (Eds.) (2005). Advances in personality psychology (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Electronic sources fall into two basic categories: those with print versions like electronic books and those without print forms like websites, blogs, podcasts, or films. For most sources with print versions, include the same information as a print source (see the book and periodical sections), a brief description of the format/medium in brackets, and the URL or doi if available. [6.31]
For purely electronic sources like webpages, discussion board comments, or audio files, include as much information as possible so a reader can find the source. Because the APA manual does not provide specific guidelines for all electronic material, follow the recommendations for similar sources.
Blogger, B. (Posting Date). Title of the particular blog post [Web log] Retrieved from http://www.xxxx.
R. Debatty. (2018, February 28). Forensic fantasies, online scams and the fragilities of IoT: An interview with KairUs [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://we-make-money-not-art.com/forensic-fantasies-online-scams-and-the-pitfalls-of-the-iot-an-interview-with-kairus/
Screen-name. (Comment Date). Re: Title of the source that prompted the comment [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Postgradpanda. (2015, April 9). Re: I can’t find anything written on my topic…really? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from https://patthomson.net/2015/04/06/i-cant-find-anything-written-on-my-topic/
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1964). Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (Public Health Service Publication No. 1103). Retrieved from https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf
U.S. Department of State, Office of the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights. (2017). Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/index.htm
McElroy, T. S., Monsell, B. C., & Hutchinson, R. J. (2018). Modeling of holiday effects and seasonality in daily time series (Research Report Series 2018/01). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/srd/papers/pdf/RRS2018-01.pdf
Rights Holder, A. (Date). Title of the program (Version #) [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2011). HUD median income estimates for AHS metropolitan areas, 1985-2009 [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/hads/hads.html
Heidler, J. T., & Heidler, D. S. (2017). War of 1812. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-1812
Palimpsest. (2005). In Oxford English Dictionary (3rd. ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/136319
Truncate. (n.d.) Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http:// http://www.dictionary.com/browse/truncate
Gelaye, A. A. (2017). Upscaling of a thermal evolution experiment on shredded-tire monofills (Master’s thesis, University of Akron). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
Porter, L. A. (2000). Elementary teachers’ perceptions of reading instruction with varied teacher backgrounds and varied ESL enrollments (Dissertation, Kent State University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9984877)
Simon, F. & Giovannetti, G. (2017). Managing biotechnology: From science to market in the digital age [Kindle Edition version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/Kindle-eBooks/
Simon, F. & Giovannetti, G. (2017). Managing biotechnology: From science to market in the digital age. Retrieved from http://www.books.google.com/books /
As unrecoverable personal data, emails are not included in reference lists. Instead cite them in the text using writer, date, and the phrase “personal communication.”
A. A. Author (personal communication, March 28, 2018)
(A. A. Author, personal communication, March 28, 2018)
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Year). Film Title: Including subtitle [Motion picture]. Country: Production Company.
Thomas, E. & Nolan, C. (Producers), & Nolan, C. (Director). (2017). Dunkirk [Motion picture]. United Kingdom: Syncopy.
Leifeld, P., Cranmer, S. J., & Desmarais, B. A. (2018, February). Temporal exponential random graph models with btergm: Estimation and bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of Statistical Software, 83(6), 1-36. doi: 10.18637/jss.v.083.i06
Magazzù, L., Talkner, P., & Hänggi, P. (2018, March 5). Quantum Brownian motion under generalized position measurements: A converse Zeno scenario. New Journal of Physics, 20, 1-13. Retrieved from http://www.iopscience.iop.org
Payne, K., Niemi, L., & Doris, J. M. (2018, March 27). How to think about “implicit bias”: Amidst a controversy, it’s important to remember that implicit bias is real—and it matters. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com
Wingfield, N. (2017, November 3). The disappearing American grad student. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Carr, M. (Senior Producer). (2018, March 13). The man, the myth, the laser: The disputed origin story of one of the 20th century’s most important inventions [Audio podcast]. Distillations Podcast, 229. Retrieved from http://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/
Qleek pt. ii: What happened after The Pitch [Audio podcast]. (2018, February 21). The Pitch, 27. Retrieved from http://www.gimletmedia.com/the-pitch/
Creator, C. (Presentation Date). Title of the Presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Desai, A. (2008, February 6). Carbon dioxide, friend or foe? The terrestrial carbon cycle and a climate for life on earth [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from flux.aos.wisc.edu/~adesai/documents/AOS405-Desai.ppt
Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date). Title of the episode [Television series episode]. In E. Producer (Executive producer), Title of the Television Series. Location: Network.
Sorkin, A. (Writer), & Misiano, C. (Director). (2011). Isaac and Ishmael [Television series episode]. In A. Sorkin, T. Schlamme, & J. Wells (Executive producers), The West Wing. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Television
Contributor, C. (Posting Date). Title of the video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Joseph, M. B. (2018, March 27). What soccer can teach us about freedom [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUgBd-yK7-4
Title of the video [Video file]. (Posting Date). Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Academic and career planning video scribe [Video clip]. (2018, February 5). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lfztGzzRyI
Author, A. (Date, Posting or Copyright). Title of the webpage [Description of form, if applicable]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Lucas, J. (2014, September 4). What is aerospace engineering? Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/47702-aerospace-engineering.html
The value of stem cells. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/from-lab-to-you/stem-cells-and-research
For a brief reference to an entire website, refer to the site’s name in text and include the URL in parentheses.
Some professors recommend Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) as a good starting place to learn about a topic while others vehemently oppose its use in academic research.
Use the following guidelines when organizing sources in a reference list. [6.25]
Author, A. A. (2017).
Author, A. A. (2018).
Author, A. A. (2018).
Author, A. A., & Contributor, C. C. (2016).
Author, A. A., & Writer, W. (2018).
Author, A. A., Contributor, C. C., & Producer, P. P. (2016).
Author, A. A., Contributor, C. C., & Writer, W. W. (2017).
Author, A. A. (2018a).
Author, A. A. (2018b).